1. 引言（Introduction）
1.1 主體摘要（abstract）
1.2 關鍵字（keywords）
1.3 檢索詞句與檢索資源（boolean connectors and sources）
1.3.1檢索詞句（boolean connectors）
1.3.2檢索資源（sources）
1.4 本法律檢索報告受眾（Object of Reading）
2. 中文法律資源（Chinese Legal Sources）
2.1 一次資源（primary sources）
2.1.1法律（statutes）
2.1.2 行政法規(guī)、部門規(guī)章、地方司法文件（Regulations）
2.1.3 法律解釋：立法解釋、司法解釋、行政解釋（Legal Interpretations: legislative, Judicial and administrative Interpretations）
2.1.4 案例（Cases）
2.1.5 中國法律網站（Chinese Legal websites）
2.1.6 相關的政府主管部門（Government Agencies in charge）
2.2 二次資源（Secondary Sources）
2.2.1 圖書：學術與實務（books:scholarly and practicing materials）
2.2.2 學位論文（Dissertations）
2.2.3 法學評論文章（Law Review Articles）
2.2.4 中國法律網站（Chinese Websites）
2.2.5 相關的非政府組織（NGO）
2.3 結論（conclusion）
3. American legal sources
3.1.Primary Source
3.1.1 Statutes
3.1.2 Regulations
3.1.3 Cases
3.1.4 Government Agencies in charge
3.2.Secondrary Sources
3.2.1 Books: scholarly and practicing materials
3.2.2. Law Review Articles
3.2.3. Websites
3.2.4.NGO
3.3.Conclusion
4. International legal sources
4.1.Primary Sources
4.1.1 Statutes / Treaties
4.1.2 Cases
4.2.Secondary Sources
4.2.1. Books:Scholarly and practicing materials
4.2.2. Law review articles
4.2.3. Websites
4.2.4. NGO
5.Conclusion
1. 引言（Introduction）
1.1 主體摘要（abstract）
近年來，隨著離婚案件的不斷增加，離婚后不與子女共同生活的一方要求探望子女而引發(fā)的糾紛亦越來越多，大陸婚姻法雖然有明確的關于離婚后探望權的規(guī)定，但實踐中有關探望權的糾紛不斷。
探望權，是父母離婚后不直接撫養(yǎng)子女的父或母享有的與未成年子女的聯系、會面、交流等權利。在日本實務中稱為見面交流權，中國大陸婚姻法中稱為探望權，臺灣地區(qū)稱為見面交往權。有學者將探望權定義為：不任親權行使之父或母一方，與其未成年子女進行會面、通信的權利或其他權利，包括電話交談、寄送照片、度假旅行或對有親權一方詢問子女近況等情形。探望權是基于血統(tǒng)關系而產生的權利，是親子關系自然流露的權利，屬于父母照顧權（親權、監(jiān)護權）中人身照顧權的一部分，但又與人身照顧權分離成為并存的權利，具有高度的專屬性。
1.2 關鍵字（keywords）
¶ 探望（visitation, visiting）
¶ 探望權（right of visitation, right of visiting, visitation rights）
¶ 未成年人利益（the interest of child）
¶ 家庭法（family law）
¶ 訪問權（Visitation rights）
¶ 兒童監(jiān)護權（custody of children）
¶ 家庭關系（domestic relations）
¶ 孩子的最大利益（the best interests of children）
¶ 父母離婚（parents are divorced）
¶ 父母分居（parents are separated）
¶ 保護兒童（protect the child）
¶ 家庭單位（family unit）
1.3 檢索詞句與檢索資源（Boolean connectors and sources）
1.3.1檢索詞句（Boolean connectors）
關鍵詞：探望、探望權、探視權
檢索條件：全文、精確匹配
�。ā皏isitation right” or “right of visitation”）
1.3.2檢索資源（sources）
中文資源：北大法寶、中國裁判文書網、中國知網、浙江大學光華法學院圖書館
外文資源：Westlaw, Heinonline, Lexisnexis
1.4 本法律檢索報告受眾（Object of Reading）
本法律檢索指南的主題是探望權制度，可以為法官群體提供相關智識，為研究相關課題的學者提供參考。此外，本法律檢索指南對其他希望了解探望權制度的律師、法科學生以及普通公眾也有所幫助。
2. 中文法律資源（Chinese Legal Sources）
2.1 一次資源（primary sources）
2.1.1法律（statutes）
【檢索路徑】北大法寶——中央法規(guī)司法解釋
【檢索結果】
《中華人民共和國婚姻法》——第三十八條
第三十八條 離婚后，不直接撫養(yǎng)子女的父或母，有探望子女的權利，另一方有協助的義務。行使探望權利的方式、時間由當事人協議；協議不成時，由人民法院判決。
父或母探望子女，不利于子女身心健康的，由人民法院依法中止探望的權利；中止的事由消失后，應當恢復探望的權利。
第四十八條 對拒不執(zhí)行有關扶養(yǎng)費、撫養(yǎng)費、贍養(yǎng)費、財產分割、遺產繼承、探望子女等判決或裁定的，由人民法院依法強制執(zhí)行。有關個人和單位應負協助執(zhí)行的責任。
2.1.2 行政法規(guī)、部門規(guī)章、地方司法文件（Regulations）
【檢索路徑】北大法寶-地方法規(guī)規(guī)章
【檢索結果】
《福建省老年人權益保障條例》——第十五條
第十五條 贍養(yǎng)人應當履行精神上慰藉老年人的義務，滿足老年人健康的精神文化需要。對入住養(yǎng)老機構或者與其分開居住的老年人，贍養(yǎng)人應當經常探望；對較長時間未探望老年人的，贍養(yǎng)人所在的工作單位、村（居）民委員會或者養(yǎng)老機構應當督促其探望。
《浙江省未成年人保護條例（2016修正）》——第十四條
第十四條 未成年人父母離異的，離異雙方應當依據協議、判決或者裁定，履行對未成年子女的監(jiān)護職責和撫養(yǎng)義務。離婚后，不直接撫養(yǎng)子女的父或母，有探望子女的權利，另一方有協助的義務。
山西省實施《中華人民共和國老年人權益保障法》辦法（2016修訂）——第十一條
第十一條 贍養(yǎng)人以及其他家庭成員應當關心老年人的精神需求，尊重老年人健康有益的生活方式，盡量滿足老年人精神文化生活需要。
鼓勵贍養(yǎng)人所在單位在老年節(jié)、老年人生日以及生病住院時，為贍養(yǎng)人探望老年人提供便利。
江西省實施《中華人民共和國老年人權益保障法》辦法（2016修訂）——第十三條
第十三條 贍養(yǎng)人應當定期探望入住養(yǎng)老機構的老年人。老年人要求贍養(yǎng)人探望的，養(yǎng)老機構可以協助老年人聯系，或者向贍養(yǎng)人所在的工作單位、村（居）民委員會反映。
……
《上海市老年人權益保障條例（2016）》——第十四條
第十四條 老年人的家庭成員應當關心老年人的精神需求，給予精神上的慰藉，營造和睦關愛的家庭氛圍，不得忽視、冷落老年人。
與老年人分開居住的家庭成員，應當經�？赐�、問候老年人。
對入住養(yǎng)老機構的老年人，家庭成員應當經常探望；對較長時間未探望老年人的家庭成員，養(yǎng)老機構可以提出建議，督促其前往探望。
《蘇州市華僑歸僑僑眷權益保護辦法》——第二十五條
第二十五條 歸僑、僑眷職工出境探望配偶、父母的，其假期、工資等待遇按照國家規(guī)定執(zhí)行。
本市在職職工探望出境定居子女的，所在單位可以參照職工出境探望父母的規(guī)定給予適當假期。
《武漢市出境定居人員權益保障規(guī)定》——第二十條
第二十條 本市在職職工，探望出境定居的子女，每4年給假1次，假期40日（不含公休假日和法定節(jié)日）。其出境假期工資應予發(fā)放，境內外費用自理。
△檢索地方性法規(guī)71篇，主要為各省老年人權益保障條例與各省未成年人保護條例；
地方政府規(guī)章23篇，主要為職工探親待遇規(guī)定與出境定居人員權益保障；
此外，地方規(guī)范性文件193篇，地方司法文件12篇。
2.1.3 法律解釋：立法解釋、司法解釋、行政解釋（Legal Interpretations: legislative, Judicial and administrative Interpretations）
【檢索路徑】北大法寶-中央法規(guī)司法解釋
【檢索結果】
全國人大常委會關于修改《中華人民共和國婚姻法》的決定（2001）——第二十五條
二十五、增加一條，作為第三十八條：“離婚后，不直接撫養(yǎng)子女的父或母，有探望子女的權利，另一方有協助的義務。”行使探望權利的方式、時間由當事人協議；協議不成時，由人民法院判決。
“父或母探望子女，不利于子女身心健康的，由人民法院依法中止探望的權利；中止的事由消失后，應當恢復探望的權利�！�
全國人大常委會關于批準《國務院關于職工探親待遇的規(guī)定》的決議——第二條、第三條、第六條
第二條 凡在國家機關、 人民團體和全民所有制企業(yè)、 事業(yè)單位工作滿一年的固定職工，與配偶不住在一起，又不能在公休假日團聚的，可以享受本規(guī)定探望配偶的待遇；與父親、母親都不住在一起，又不能在公休假日團聚的，可以享受本規(guī)定探望父母的待遇。但是，職工與父親或與母親一方能夠在公休假日團聚的，不能享受本規(guī)定探望父母的待遇。
第三條 職工探親假期：
�。ㄒ唬┞毠ぬ酵渑嫉�，每年給予一方探親假一次，假期為三十天。
（二）未婚職工探望父母，原則上每年給假一次，假期為二十天。如果因為工作需要，本單位當年不能給予假期，或者職工自愿兩年探親一次的，可以兩年給假一次，假期為四十五天。
�。ㄈ┮鸦槁毠ぬ酵改傅�，每四年給假一次，假期為二十天。
探親假期是指職工與配偶、父、母團聚的時間，另外，根據實際需要給予路程假。上述假期均包括公休假日和法定節(jié)日在內。
第六條 職工探望配偶和未婚職工探望父母的往返路費，由所在單位負擔。已婚職工探望父母的往返路費，在本人月標準工資百分之三十以內的，由本人自理，超過部分由所在單位負擔。
國務院關于工人、職員回家探親的假期和工資待遇的暫行規(guī)定[失效]
2.1.4 案例（Cases）
【檢索路徑】北大法寶、中國裁判文書網
【檢索結果】
《陳某與范某甲探望權糾紛一審民事判決書》，（2012）嘉平民初字第834號。
案件事實
原、被告原系夫妻關系，育有一子。原、被告協議離婚后，雙方約定兒子范某乙跟隨原告生活。2012年2月5日，被告向本院提起變更撫養(yǎng)關系之訴，要求兒子隨被告生活，經本院調解，雙方均同意兒子隨被告范某甲生活，由范某甲承擔其全部的撫養(yǎng)費，原告陳某可每月探望兒子四次。現原告認為被告未積極協助以及配合其行使對兒子的探望權，影響了其與兒子之間的感情，故雙方再次釀成糾紛。
案例討論
離婚后，不直接撫養(yǎng)子女的父或母，有探望子女的權利，另一方有協助的義務；行使探望權的方式、時間由當事人協商，協議不成時，由法院依法判決。原告雖有探望權，但出于有利于孩子成長角度考慮，探望次數與探望方式由法院酌情確定。
《徐某、李某訴倪某隔代探望權糾紛案》，（2015）錫民終字第01904號。
裁判摘要
祖父母、外祖父母對父母一方死亡的未成年孫子女、外孫子女進行探望的權利應當得到尊重，探望權的行使方式可由當事人協議；協議不成的，由人民法院從有利于未成年人健康成長和家庭和諧的角度，在不影響法定監(jiān)護人履行監(jiān)護職責的前提下，根據案件具體情況予以確定。
案例討論
法院認為其他成年近親屬的精神關懷與物質支持對未成年人人格健全、身心發(fā)育成長有著積極意義，符合《未成年人保護法》的保護原則。代替已經死亡或者喪失行為能力的子女對孫子女或外孫子女進行探望是必要的。由《老年人權益保障法》中相關規(guī)定可知，探望孫輩是失獨老人獲得精神慰藉的重要途徑之一，應視為老年人應有之權益，且可與孫輩享有代位繼承權利之法律原理相對應，亦是對失獨老年人的特殊保護和關心。
此外，允許失獨老人隔代探望、和諧共處履行監(jiān)護職責與公序良俗、社會公德相符，亦是對中華民族傳統(tǒng)美德的繼承與發(fā)揚。在有利于未成年人健康成長、有利于親屬間感情融合的基礎上，在不影響監(jiān)護人履行法定監(jiān)護職責的前提下，應當支持祖父母、外祖父母對孫輩的合理探望。
2.1.5 中國法律網站（Chinese Legal websites）
【檢索路徑】北大法寶——English
【檢索結果】
Interpretation No.I of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues in the Application of Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China—— Article24、Article25
Article 24 If a valid judgment of divorce made by the people's court does not involve the visit right and if the parties concerned bring a separate lawsuit over the visit right, the people's court shall accept the case.
Article 25 During the course when the parties perform the valid judgment, ruling or mediation document, if a party concerned requests for suspending the exercise of the visit right, the people's court shall make a ruling if it believes it is necessary to suspend the exercise of the visit right after it consults the opinions of both parties. After the circumstance for the suspension of the visit right disappears, the people's court shall, upon application of the party concerned, inform him （her） that he （she） may resume the exercise of the visit right.
Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China （2001 Amendment）——Article38
Article 38 After divorce, the parent that does not directly bring up the children has the right to visit the children, and the other party has the obligation to give assistance.
The way and time for exercising the right of visiting children shall be agreed upon by the parties concerned. In case no agreement is achieved, they shall be decided by the people's court.
If the visit of either the father or mother is harmful to the soundness of the body and mind of the children, the said right shall be terminated by the people's court. When the reasons for terminating the said right disappear, the right shall be resumed.
14 Model Cases on the Trial of Minors Circulated by the Supreme People's Court
4. Zhang v. Guo （a case of dispute over visitation right）
In this case, the introduction of the visitation supervisor system to the hearing of cases regarding disputes over visitation right was conducive to identifying the true situations of the parties and their families, resolving conflicts and disputes, reflecting judicial fairness and openness, and ensuring that the person entitled to visitation properly fulfill visitation right according to the law so as to protect the lawful rights and interests of the minors and make them healthily grow. According to follow-up tracking, the enforcement of this case was normal and the tension between both families was eased. This case is the first case that applies the system of visitation supervisor across the country. It is a beneficial practice in which the people's court engages in social administration innovation, integrates resources from various parties and on the basis of social forces, resolves case conflicts and disputes, and maintains and safeguards the lawful rights and interests of the minors and it also provides new experience for further improving the system of trial of minors.
Measures of Jiangsu Province on Implementation of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Protection of the Rights and Interests of Women （2008 Amendment）——Article 35
Article 35 Women's right of self-determination in marriage and divorce shall not be interfered with. During the litigation for divorce, the husband and his relatives shall not infringe upon and restrict the wife's personal freedom, and shall not infringe upon her right of residence.
Where a conjugal relation is rescinded according to law, no one may interfere with the wife's normal life; no one shall obstruct her from visiting her offspring（s）。
2.1.6 相關的政府主管部門（Government Agencies in charge）
【檢索路徑】中國政府網——國家衛(wèi)生和計劃生育委員會——政策文件
【檢索結果】
中華人民共和國婚姻法
撫養(yǎng)子女的父或母，有探望子女的權利，另一方有協助的義務。行使探望權利的方式、時間由當事人協議；協議不成時，由人民法院判決。父或母探望子女，不利于子女身心健康的，由人民法院依法中止探望的權利。
全國城市社區(qū)衛(wèi)生工作會議交流材料——婦幼保健與社區(qū)衛(wèi)生司
在他生前治療的2年多的時間里，中心有600多天安排人員到他家探望，制定治療方案，教他老伴如何注意他的飲食。
2.2 二次資源（Secondary Sources）
2.2.1 圖書：學術與實務（books: scholarly and practicing materials）
【檢索路徑】浙江大學圖書館、搜索引擎
【檢索結果】
△ 由于就書名搜索無相關書籍，故僅檢索到在章節(jié)上與之相關的書籍。
卓冬青，郭麗紅，白云�；橐黾彝シǎǖ谒陌妫M].廣州：中山大學出版社出版社，2002.
該書第二編婚姻關系法中就“離婚后不直接撫養(yǎng)子女的一方的探望權”進行了解讀。主要從探望權概念及特征、探望權的行使、探望權的中止與恢復三部分進行分析。并結合《德國民法典》、《美國統(tǒng)一結婚離婚法》、臺灣香港地區(qū)的相關立法進行比較研究。并從《預防未成年人犯罪法》第14條就“不利于子女身心健康”事由進行了明確。
蔣月。婚姻家庭法前沿導論[M].北京：科學出版社，2007.
本書從探望權制度的由來與性質、探視權的主體、探視權的行使、探視權的強制執(zhí)行、完善探視權制度的建議五部分就“探望權制度”進行研究分析。該部分將“探望權”與“探視權”相等同，作者認為，設立探視權制度的目的在于保護未成年子女的利益，使其不因父母離婚而中斷與父母中一方的正常聯絡與情感。在司法裁判探望權爭議時，有以下原則：①協商優(yōu)先原則；②未成年子女最大利益原則；③便于司法執(zhí)行原則。此外，探望權人范圍也一直飽受爭議，作者建議將享有探望權的主體擴大到祖父母、外祖父母、兄弟姐妹等近親屬，應使未成年人與父母以外的諸多近親屬保持長久聯絡，保障情感上的充沛。
沈志先主編�；橐黾彝グ讣䦟徟姓猍M].北京：法律出版社。2013.
實踐中有關探望權的糾紛十分常見，處理探望權糾紛，不僅要考慮對離婚后夫妻探望權利的保護，還要注重對未成年子女權利的保護。就探望權的主體范圍問題，作者認為由于《婚姻法》第三十八條規(guī)定探望權的主體，只是離婚后不直接撫養(yǎng)子女的父或母，不應采取將范圍擴大的處理辦法。但考慮到我國傳統(tǒng)習慣，可以告知其在該未成年的父或母行使探望權時，探望該未成年人。此外，因為探望權的本質是為了更好地照顧子女的生活，有利于子女良好人格的培養(yǎng)，因此，父母行使探望權，要遵循有利于子女身心健康的原則。該書結合各類案例，就探望權中存在的諸多問題“以案說法”，具有實踐意義。
2.2.2 學位論文（Dissertations）
【檢索路徑】中國知網
【檢索結果】
王玲。探望權制度研究[D].西南政法大學，2012級碩士論文。
曾欽骎。探望權制度之完善[D].西南政法大學，2014級碩士論文。
包麗娟。探望權相關法律問題研究[D].中央民族大學，2012級碩士論文。
蔣春燕�；橐黾彝シㄖ刑酵麢鄦栴}研究[J].對外經濟貿易大學，2006年碩士論文。
張婧。我國探望權法律制度研究[D].華東政法大學。2012級碩士論文。
本文主要論述了探望權制度的基本理論。從學界對探望權不同的定義入手，結合親權、監(jiān)護權及撫養(yǎng)權相關概念，對探望權的概念作界定。再從探望權的概念引伸其具有的法律特征及價值。分別從立法和實務兩個層面來研究我國探望權制度的現狀。一方面，從現行的立法出發(fā)，剖析探望權主體、客體、行使、中止與恢復、執(zhí)行等基本內容，同時指出立法背后的學理爭議。另一方面，立足實然角度，結合司法實務，歸納和概括探望權制度 10 余年來在司法適用中的形勢變化。
此外，英美法系國家和大陸法系國家關于探望權制度的相關立法例進行羅列，從中梳理出值得我國借鑒和吸收的內容。最后介紹了我國探望權制度的立法原則及子女最佳利益原則的相關內容。
張海燕。（外）祖父母探望權研究[D].西南政法大學，2015級碩士論文。
本文以案例為切入點，首先通過評析我國首個隔代探望權糾紛案件等三個經典案例，引出我國（外）祖父母探望糾紛案件的司法現狀，指出此類案件亟需統(tǒng)一裁判標準。其次，作者從主體、客體、內容三個方面討論了探望權的界定，分析哪些情況下（外）祖父母享有探望權；討論探望權的性質，得出探望權是一種權利義務相統(tǒng)一的身份權。再者，就域外相關立法例進行考量。通過分析國外立法，找出我們國家關于（外）祖父母探望權可以借鑒的東西。然后，就我國探望權主體的立法現狀及評析。在這部分，介紹了我國單一的探望權主體，我國探望權行使的限制，通過對主體的評析，進一步闡述（外）祖父母探望權的合理性。
最后，筆者就我國（外）祖父母探望權制度做出了自己的構建。在本部分，主要內容為探望權對于離婚后祖孫關系的維系起到重要作用，在特定條件下賦予（外）祖父母探望權合情合理。當然，這一制度的設立需要遵循一定的原則。在這些原則的基礎上，提出了我國（外）祖父母探望權制度的具體設立。
王希元。我國探望權制度研究[D].吉林大學，2015級碩士論文。 ?
本文在結構上可分為五部分。本文以我國探望權制度的性質和功能作為邏輯起點，對探望權的概念、特點進行梳理，通過對探望權基本理論的探討，在性質和功能上本文將探望權界定為主張精神慰藉的權利。繼而對我國探望權制度從探望權行使原則、探望權主體資格、探望權行使方式、探望權的中止和恢復、強制執(zhí)行五個方面分析立法現狀，為后文立法完善的提出奠定基礎。在對當前立法有了清晰把握之后，對司實踐中探望權制度遇到的問題進行觀察。通過篩選三個經典案例說明該制度在當前遇到的困境，指出兒童最大利益原則在探望權制度中具有的普適意義。在發(fā)現問題的基礎上，本文對案例中問題存在的成因從立法和司法的角度給予解釋，完成對問題的分析。在論文的最后，從立法和司法完善的角度，結合在前一部分中對問題存在原因的分析的基礎上提出完善我國探望權制度的建議。
2.2.3 法學評論文章（Law Review Articles）
【檢索路徑】中國知網
【檢索結果】
王瑋。探望權及其相關問題研究[J].河北法學，2003年第4期。
筆者認為婚姻法修正案設立了探望權制度，填補了婚姻家庭制度的空白，但從探望權產生的法律基礎父母子女關系即權利義務關系分析，探望權是非常態(tài)父母子女關系中存在的一項權利，不限于離婚父母；同時它不僅是父母的權利也是父母的義務，即子女也有要求父母探望的權利。探望權制度應在堅持以子女利益為重兼顧父母利益的原則下進一步完善。
景春蘭，殷昭仙。探望權及其主體擴展的立法思考——以“兒童最大利益”原則為視角[J]. 法學雜志。
倪春南，閔振華。探望權執(zhí)行中的問題及對策[J].人民司法，2002年第9期。
黃新，張冰。國外、域外探望權制度比較[J].山東省經濟管理干部學院學報，2004年第1期。
陳葦。離婚后父母對未成年子女監(jiān)護權問題研究——兼談我國婚姻法相關內容的修改與補充[J].中國法學，1998年第3期。
楊晉玲。試論探望權[J].學術探索，2003年第2期。
許澆輝。對婚姻法中有關探望權規(guī)定的思考[J].天津市政法管理干部學院學報，2002年第3期。
王麗萍。中日探望權制度研究[J]. 山東大學學報（哲學社會科學版） ,2004年第6期。
父母離婚后不與子女共同生活的一方享有探望子女的權利。與子女共同生活的一方應為對方行使探 望權提供便利。探望權的行使應符合子女的最佳利益。當探望權的行使不利于子女身心健康時， 應中止探 望權。探望權中止后，不與子女共同生活的一方仍有支付撫育費的義務。
2.2.4 中國法律網站（Chinese Websites）
【檢索路徑】北大法寶——English
【檢索結果】
Chu Xuefei, Xv Tengfei. Analysis of the Perfection of Visitation Right System in China[J]. Journal of Heilongjiang Administrative Cadre Institute of Politics and Law. 2013（5）
The marriage law of China（2001） first proposed the concept of visitation, and then established the system of visitation right. It is not only good for maintenance the minor children' physical and mental health, but also good for balance the interests of both sides of divorced parents. The establishment of the visitation right system is also a great progress of the marriage and family law in our country, making China's marriage and family law system more perfect. However, there are many problems of the visitation right in the exercise that should be improved in practice.
Cai Yongming, Zhang Zhiyuan. A Legal Principle Analysis of The Legislation of Visitation Right and How to Perfect It[J]. Journal of Gansu Political Science and Law Institute. 2006（5）。
The amendment of marriage law has established the system of visitation right which was not founded in marriage and family system before. However, it is very difficult to realize the visitation right in the practice since then. Personal right has its own characteristics, sharply different with other legal rights such as real right. Under the principles of fully considering the affects of traditional culture and the characteristics of visitation right, the visitation right system should be further perfected.
Wang Wei. On Problem of Visitation Right and Relating item[J]. Hebei Law Science. 2003（4）。
In the amendment of marriage law is established the system of visitation right,with makes up a gap in the marriage Law. In the legal provisions, visitation right is parent's right when not acquiring direct fostering right after their divorce. From the legal in the relation between parents in the children. We can know that visitation right is one existed in the non-normal relation between parents and children. Not limited to the divorce parents. At the meantime, it is the parents' right and obligation. Or children have also the rights demanding their parent to visit them. The visiting system should be further perfected in the principle of persisting heavily in the children' benefits and giving considerations to parent.
2.2.5 相關的非政府組織（NGO）
【檢索路徑】中國婦聯網
【檢索結果】
立法完善共同監(jiān)護優(yōu)先制度——中國婦聯報（2015.9.11）
立法中須明確一方違反撫養(yǎng)權和探望權相關規(guī)定所應承擔的民事責任和嚴重侵害他方權利時應承擔的相應責任和懲治措施，如可借鑒國外的禁止出境、簽發(fā)人身保護令等等，增強撫養(yǎng)權和探望權執(zhí)行的強度和效果，禁止干涉和侵害監(jiān)護權正當行使的行為，保障共同監(jiān)護的實現。
制定家庭暴力防治法 促進社會和諧——反對家庭暴力，我們共同的責任（2014.11.27）
各種保護令的內容均較為多樣，其涵蓋包括了禁制令（包括命令禁止施暴及禁止接觸）、遷出令（命令相對人遷出住居所）、遠離令（命令加害人遠離被害人住居所或工作場所）、決定令（定動產暫時占有權、子女暫時監(jiān)護權、探望權）和給付令（如命令施暴人給付租金、扶養(yǎng)費等）。
2.3 結論（conclusion）
家庭是社會的細胞，婚姻家庭關系的穩(wěn)定，是社會穩(wěn)定的基礎。新婚姻法的頒布和實施是我國政治生活中的一件大事，揭開了新世紀婚姻立法的新篇章。探望權制度的設立為婚姻法的制度作了補充和細化，它在弘揚社會主義道德風尚，解決離異父母對子女的撫養(yǎng)教育關系，以及積極營造有利于未成年人健康成長環(huán)境等方面都發(fā)揮了舉足輕重的作用，為構建社會主義和諧社會，鞏固和發(fā)展社會主義婚姻家庭制度建設都具有積極重要的現實意義。但是由于起步較晚，探望權制度的規(guī)定還不成熟、不完善，可操作性比較差，影響了其應有功能的發(fā)揮，因此，在立法和司法實踐中有待于進一步改進和完善的地方還很多。如何完善探望權、有效解決執(zhí)行探望權糾紛案件，使其成為更能符合立法旨趣、更能保護未成年人權益的制度，將是學術界和司法實踐中必須深入探究的一個新課題。這也注定我們在落實探望權，保障探望權的實現上還有很長的路要走。
3. American legal sources
3.1.Primary Source
3.1.1 Statutes
3.1.1.1 Federal Statutes
【檢索路徑】Westlaw-Home > Statutes & Court Rules > United States Code
Annotated （USCA） >（“visitation right” /p child） or“right of visitation” > Statues > Federal
【檢索結果】
U.S.C.A. Const. Amend. XIV, § 1-Due Proc
DOMESTIC RELATIONS——Visitation, grandparent rights, domestic relations
Washington statute providing that any person may petition court for visitation at any time, and that court may order visitation rights for any person when visitation may serve best interest of child, violated substantive due process rights of mother, as applied to permit paternal grandparents, following death of children' father, to obtain increased court-ordered visitation, in excess of what mother had thought appropriate, based solely on state trial judge's disagreement with mother as to whether children would benefit from such increased visitation; at minimum, trial judge had to accord special weight to mother's own determination of her children' best interests.
家庭關系——探望，祖父母權利，家庭關系
華盛頓州法規(guī)規(guī)定，任何人可隨時向法院提出呈請，而且當訪問可能有利于兒童最佳利益時，法院可以命令訪問權，違反母親的實際正當程序權利，適用于允許父親的祖父母遵循 死亡的孩子的父親，獲得更多的法院命令的訪問，超過母親認為適當的，完全基于州法官與母親的分歧，是否孩子將從這種增加的訪問中受益；至少審判法官必須特別重視母親自己對子女最大利益的決心。
Custody of children, domestic relations-Generally
Alleged conduct by county department of social services and its staff in encouraging and assisting in a surreptitious relocation of non-custodial father's minor children to another state with their custodial mother, and procuring taxpayer money to do so through a voucher from the local government on behalf of the children' mother, after state family court determined that father had neglected the children and awarded sole custody to the mother, was not so arbitrary, shocking, or egregious as to deprive father of substantive due process; father was free to travel to see his children in order to exercise his visitation rights.
保護兒童，家庭關系——總體上
由縣級社會服務部門及其工作人員組織的行為，鼓勵和協助將非監(jiān)禁父親的未成年子女秘密搬遷到其監(jiān)護的母親的另一個國家，并通過地方政府的代理人代收納稅人的錢 的子女母親后，國家家事法庭裁定父親忽視了子女并給予母親獨家監(jiān)護權，并不是那么隨意，令人震驚或惡劣，以致剝奪了父親的實質性正當程序； 父親為了行使他的訪問權利，可以自由去看望他的孩子。
——Visitation rights, custody of children, domestic relations
——Protective order, abuse or neglect, domestic relations
——訪問權，兒童監(jiān)護權，家庭關系
——保護秩序，虐待或忽視，家庭關系
U.S.C.A. Const. Art. IV §1
Section1. Full Faith and Credit
MATRIMONIAL AND FAMILY RELATIONS
——Final nature of judgment to be enforced, child custody, matrimonial and family relations
Action for construction of provisions of Connecticut divorce decree providing for custody of minor children and rights of visitation did not, in view of Connecticut statute permitting modification of custody decree by courts of that state and fact that Connecticut court had expressly reserved jurisdiction in case, raise full faith and credit issue.
家庭與家庭關系——執(zhí)行判決的最終性質，子女監(jiān)護權，婚姻關系和家庭關系
根據康涅狄格州的法令允許修改該州法院的監(jiān)護權法令，以及康乃迪克州法院明確保留管轄權的情況下，提起監(jiān)護未成年子女的康涅狄格州離婚法令規(guī)定的訴訟行為并沒有提起 充分的信念和信用問題。
FORCE AND EFFECT OF JUDGMENTS GENERALLY
Child visitation rights, force and effect of judgments generally
Where Florida divorce decree awarding custody of child to wife was entered by default without hearing of evidence presented on husband's behalf concerning his fitness or his claim to enjoy the association of his child, the Florida court if applied to would have had power, upon application by husband, to modify the decree in interests of the child by granting the husband the right of visitation, and hence New York court in which matter of custody was presented had power after full hearing to grant such right of visitation, and so doing did not offend full faith and credit requirements; it not being shown that the New York court exceeded limits permitted under F.S.A.
一般判決的效力和影響
兒童訪問權，一般判決的力量和效果
如果佛羅里達州離婚法令將兒童羈押給妻子，則在沒有聽取丈夫代表他所提供的證據適用證據或者享有其子女協會的索賠的情況下，依照法律規(guī)定，佛羅里達州法院如果申請將有權力，丈夫通過給予丈夫訪問權利修改兒童利益的法令，因此紐約法院在提出監(jiān)護權后，有權力在全面聆訊后給予這種訪問權，而且沒有冒犯 充分的信念和信用要求；沒有顯示紐約法院超出了美國法院允許的限制。
3.1.1.2 State Statutes
【檢索路徑】Westlaw-State Material > Washington >（“visitation right” /p child） or “right of visitation”
【檢索結果】
? 26.09.240. Visitation rights-Person other than parent-Grandparents' visitation rights
�。�10） The court may modify or terminate visitation rights granted pursuant to this section in any subsequent modification action upon a showing that the visitation is no longer in the best interest of the child.
26.09.260. Modification of parenting plan or custody decree
（12） If a parent receives military temporary duty, deployment, activation, or mobilization orders that involve moving a substantial distance away from the military parent's residence or otherwise have a material effect on the military parent's ability to exercise residential time or visitation rights, at the request of the military parent, the court may delegate the military parent's residential time or visitation rights, or a portion thereof, to a child's family member, including a stepparent, or another person other than a parent, with a close and substantial relationship to the minor child for the duration of the military parent's absence, if delegating residential time or visitation rights is in the child's best interest. The court may not permit the delegation of residential time or visitation rights to a person who would be subject to limitations on residential time under RCW 26.09.191. The parties shall attempt to resolve disputes regarding delegation of residential time or visitation rights through the dispute resolution process specified in their parenting plan, unless excused by the court for good cause shown. Such a court-ordered temporary delegation of a military parent's residential time or visitation rights does not create separate rights to residential time or visitation for a person other than a parent.
3.1.2 Regulations
3.1.2.1 Federal Regulations
【檢索路徑】Westlaw-Regulations > Code Of Federal Regulations >（“visitation right” /p child） or “right of visitation” > Federal
【檢索結果】
Code of Federal Regulations > Title 32. National Defense > Subtitle A. Department of Defense > Chapter V. Department of the Army > Subchapter F. Personnel >Part 584. Family Support, Child Custody, and Paternity
§584.2 Family support and child custody.
（a） General.
�。�1） This chapter requires soldiers to provide financial support to family members and to obey court orders on child custody. It also provides guidance and policy to commanders to follow when resolving nonsupport and child custody issues. Consistent with specific provisions below, a soldier will-
�。╥） Furnish financial support to family members that meets at least the minimum support requirements of this regulation （§584. 2（d））。
（ii） Provide such additional support within his or her financial ability to meet the financial needs of family members （§584. 2（j））。
�。╥ii） Comply with all court-imposed obligations （§584. 2（c）（3））。
�。╥v） Obey court orders and this regulation on child custody and visitation rights （§584. 2（e））。（a）
概述
�。�1）本章要求士兵向家庭成員提供財政支援，并服從法庭下令監(jiān)禁子女。在解決不支持和兒童監(jiān)護問題時，還向指揮官提供指導和政策。符合下列具體規(guī)定，士兵將 -
�。╥）為符合本規(guī)定的至少最低支持要求的家庭成員提供財政支持（第584.2（d）條））。
�。╥i）在其經濟能力范圍內提供額外支持以滿足家庭成員的財務需求（第584.2（j）條））。
�。╥ii）遵守所有法院強制的義務（第584.2（c）（3）條））。
�。╥v）遵守法庭命令和關于兒童監(jiān)護和訪問權利的條例（第584.2（e）條）。
3.1.2.2 State Regulations
【檢索路徑】Westlaw-Regulations > Nevada >（“visitation right” /p child） or “right of visitation”
【檢索結果】
NAC 127.465?Relinquishment of child for adoption. （NRS 127.230）
1.Before an agency which provides child welfare services accepts a relinquishment of a child for adoption by a biological parent, the agency shall comply with the requirements of NAC 127.425 and, if the agency determines that the child is not an Indian child:
（a） Discuss with the parent the alternatives for keeping the child, and determine that the parent is prepared to relinquish his or her rights and responsibilities regarding the child.
（b） Assist the parent in reaching a decision regarding the most favorable plan of action for both the parent and the child, and determine the services necessary to carry out that plan.
�。╟） If appropriate, inform the parent that rights of visitation may be granted to certain relatives pursuant to NRS 125C.050.
1.在提供兒童福利服務的機構接受放棄子女通過生物學父母的機構之前，該機構應符合NAC 127.425的要求，如果該機構認定該孩子不是印度孩子：
�。╝）與家長討論保留兒童的方法，并確定父母準備放棄對兒童的權利和責任。
�。╞）協助家長就父母和孩子最有利的行動計劃作出決定，并確定執(zhí)行該計劃所需的服務。
（c）如適用，應通知家長根據第125C.050號NRS向某些親屬授予訪問權。
3.1.3 Cases
【檢索路徑】Westlaw-cases > “visitation right” > family law
【檢索結果】
Brittain v. Hansen, 451 F.3d 982 （9th Cir., 2006）。
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit. June 22, 2006 451 F.3d 982 2006 WL 1702721
CIVIL RIGHTS - Due Process. Officer's interference with non-custodial mother's exercise of visitation rights did not violate substantive due process.
U.S. v. Alahmad, 28 F.Supp.2d 1273 （D. Colorado., 1998）。
United States District Court, D. Colorado. December 08, 1998 28 F.Supp.2d 1273 28 F.Supp.2d 1273 1998 WL 865589
Father of out-of-wedlock child, who was charged with interference with maternal grandmother's visitation rights, in violation of International Parental Kidnapping Crime Act （IPKCA）， moved to dismiss indictment. The District Court, Weinshienk, Senior District Judge, held that Colorado state court order of visitation rights vested maternal…
Dawn v. Dawn, 194 F.2d 895 （Colum. Cir., 1952）。
United States Court of Appeals District of Columbia Circuit. February 28, 1952 194 F.2d 895 90 U.S.App.D.C. 226
In divorce proceeding involving issue of child custody, the United States District Court for the District of Columbia granted divorce to defendant husband and entered order awarding him permanent custody of minor child subject to wife's right of visitation at reasonable times. On motion by wife for modification and grant of partial custody of child.
3.1.4 Government Agencies in charge
【檢索路徑】百度 > state child welfare office > New York State Office of Children and Family Services > visitation right
【檢索結果】
08-645 Abbott v. Abbott （05/17/2010）
After the Abbotts, a married couple, moved to Chile and separated, the Chilean courts granted respondent wife daily care and control of their minor son, A. J. A., while awarding petitioner husband visitation rights. Mr. Abbott also had a ne exeat right to consent before Ms. Abbott could take A. J. A. out of the country under Chile Minors Law 16,618 （Minors Law 16,618）， art. 49. When Ms. Abbott brought A. J. A. to Texas without permission from Mr. Abbott or the Chilean family court, Mr. Abbott filed this suit in the Federal District Court, seeking an order requiring his son's return to Chile under the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction （Convention） and the implementing statute, the International Child Abduction Remedies Act （ICARA）， 42 U. S. C. §11601 et seq. Among its provisions, the Convention seeks “to secure the prompt return of children wrongfully removed or retained in any Contracting State,” Art. 1; provides that such “removal or retention . . . is to be considered wrongful where” “it is in breach of rights of custody attributed to a person . . . under the law of the State in which the child was [theretofore] habitually resident,” Art. 3（a）， and where “those rights [had been] actually exercised . . . or would have been so exercised but for the removal or retention,” Art. 3（b）； and defines “rights of custody” to “include . . . the right to determine the child's place of residence,” Art.5（a）。 The District Court denied relief, holding that the father's neexeat right did not constitute a “right of custody” under the Convention and, thus, that the return remedy was not authorized. The Fifth Circuit affirmed.
3.2.Secondary Sources
3.2.1 Books: scholarly and practicing materials
【檢索路徑】浙江大學圖書館 > 題名關鍵字 > visitation
【檢索結果】
Boland, Mary L. Your right to child custody, visitation, and support. 2nd ed. Naperville, Ill.: Sphinx Pub., 2001.
Summary:
the issues of custody and visitation arise most often in divorce proceedings and can be the biggest contest between parents.about fifty percent of marriages end in divorce,affecting about one million children every year.
The goal of this book is to help you consider your options in deciding custody, visitation, and child support questions by giving you a broad overview of the factors that courts examine when determining these issues. While every family has the same basic needs, every family is also unique. Perhaps the overriding concept in this area of law is that decisions, whether based on an agreement of the parents or determined after trials,should be made with the maximum flexibility to accommodate a particular family's needs within certain minimum guidelines.
Krause, Harry D., Family law /. St. Paul, Minn.: West Pub. Co., 1988.
Summary:
Traditionally, courts have awarded sole legal custody of a child to one parent.typically, that parent also obtains physical custody. Physical custody is shared through visitation rights. Quite recently, the concept of joint and shared custody has made significant inroads on the traditional sole custody concept.
Courts usually award visitation rights to the noncustodial parent. If it would affect the child adversely, however visitation may be denied or restricted. Jurisdictions differ on the strength of showing that must be made to deny or take away visitation right.
Faraguna, Robert, Basic family law /. New York, N.Y.: Glencoe, c1993.
Summary:
Visitation is a right that can be enjoyed by the noncustodial parent or a noncustodial party such as a grandparent. Often, a decree awarding custody to one parent includes provisions for visitation for the other parent. Through such visitation ,the noncustodial parent has the opportunity to see, stay with,and temporarily care for the child. Visitation is, in essence, periodic short-term custody that can amount to hours, days, or longer, as with prolonged visits during holidays from school and the summer months.
3.2.2. Law Review Articles
【檢索路徑】Heinonline > “visitation right” or “right of visiting”
【檢索結果】
Jeffrey J. Shampo, Georgia Jurisprudence, Effect of nonpayment of support on visitation rights, June 2017 Update.
Visitation rights should not be dependent upon whether or not child support or alimony has been paid. In a former husband's contempt proceeding against his former wife, the trial court improperly conditioned the husband's obligation to make his monthly child support payment on the former wife's allowance of the husband's exercise of his visitation.
George L. Blum, Grandparents' visitation rights where child's parents are living. American Law Reports ALR 5th, 1999.
This annotation collects and analyzes the cases which determine whether, and under what circumstances, grandparents have rights of visitation with their grandchildren. A number of jurisdictions have rules, regulations, constitutional provisions, or legislative enactments directly bearing upon this subject. ?
Anne Marie Jackson, THE COMING OF AGE OF GRANDPARENT VISITATION RIGHTS, American University Law Review Winter, 1994 43 Am. U. L. Rev. 563.
As the nature of the American family changes, family law also changes. One rapidly emerging area of family law is the legal right of grandparents to visit with their grandchildren. In response to the increasing number of unmarried or divorced parents, the existence of step-families, the estrangement of extended families.
3.2.3. Websites
【檢索路徑】<http://www.courts.ca.gov/selfhelp-custody.htm>
【檢索結果】
CALIFORNIA COURTS——Custody & Parenting Time（Visitation）
Here you can learn about child custody and parenting time （also called “visitation”） cases, how to prepare a parenting plan for you and your children, and how to get or change a court order. You can also find many resources to help you and your children through your separation or divorce.
【檢索路徑】family.findlaw.com ? Learn About The Law ? Family Law ? Child Custody
【檢索結果】
Parental Visitation Rights FAQ - FindLaw <http://family.findlaw.com/child-custody/parental-visitation-rights-faq.html>
The judge mentioned “reasonable visitation,” what does that mean?
If the judge presiding over your separation or divorce determined that you or your ex-spouse was entitled to “reasonable visitation,” this generally means that it is left to the parents of the child （you and your ex-spouse） to come up with a plan of parental visitation time.
【檢索路徑】family.findlaw.com ? Learn About The Law ? Family Law ? Paternity
【檢索結果】
Child Visitation, Child Custody and Unmarried Fathers - FindLaw <https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=13&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi7zv3q-LzUAhUlHGMKHXvNDCQQFghqMAw&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffamily.findlaw.com%2Fpaternity%2Fchild-visitation-child-custody-and-unmarried-fathers.html&usg=AFQjCNEmsqbl9aaY5qi42BCzdoguFUUPZg&sig2=ldYY8G-gFdviztUaHkEG9A>
Court Orders on Child Visitation or Custody
Either after securing a parenting agreement, or if unable to agree, either parent may petition the court for child visitation or custody help. Parents who can agree to a parenting plan may file it with a court, asking the judge to approve and incorporate it into a court order on visitation and/or custody.
【檢索路徑】https://www.thespruce.com ? … ? Single Parents ? Single Parents: Visitation & Custody
【檢索結果】
Visitation Rights for Parents Denied Child Custody - The Spruce <https://www.thespruce.com/visitation-rights-for-parents-denied-custody-2998166>
Do You Know Your Parental Visitation Rights?
Dec 1, 2016 - Parents who are denied child custody in court are often granted generous visitation rights. In most cases, the courts strongly support and …
3.2.4.NGO
【檢索路徑】google > visitation right
【檢索結果】
Children Rights Organization - Child NGO - bice.org? <http://bice.org/en/>
Ad. www.bice.org/child-NGO?
Learn more about BICE's projects to fight for Children Rights in the world.
+ de 65 ans d'actions · Une ONG internationale · 20000 enfants accompagnés
Faire écho de la voix des enfants à travers le monde - Cath.ch <http://www.cath.ch/newsf/geneve-le-bice-remet-a-lonu-a-un-ouvrage-sur-les-violences-envers-les-enfants145172/>
oProjects in 25 countries <http://bice.org/en/fields-projects/programs-and-projects/>
oMake a donation <http://bice.org/en/support-us/make-a-donation/why-support-bice/>
oSubscribe our newsletter <http://bice.org/fr/soutenir-le-bice/agir-a-nos-cotes/devenir-membre.html>
oInternational Network <http://bice.org/en/le-bice/bice-network/member-organizations/>
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Fathers' Rights Groups in the U.S. - The Spruce <https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi5zpS3-bzUAhXJMGMKHUmUDcEQFggxMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespruce.com%2Ffathers-rights-groups-in-us-2997692&usg=AFQjCNErfsSmD3MN5guE3vKlULL8Plo3SQ&sig2=EmHRH3uKxw2IUciI8-qH6A>
https://www.thespruce.com ? … ? Single Parents ? Single Parents: Resources
Fathers,,,,' Rights Groups and Shared Parenting Organizations
Oct 30, 2016 - The American Coalition for Fathers and Children （ACFC） is a non-profit organization in support of shared parenting. … in fact, their tagline is “The Best Parent is Both Parents?.” In pursuit of social and legal justice, The Children's Rights Council serves to: Protect the best interests of children in custody case.
Fathers for Equal Rights - Home <https://fathers4kids.com/>
https://fathers4kids.com/
FER is a non-profit, educational, civil rights organization that is recognized as a … Relocation, Child Custody Evaluations （social study Prep）， General Trial …
3.3.Conclusion
在美國，由于離婚案件頻發(fā)，尤為重視探望的行使。探望權的行使主體，不僅包含父母，外祖父母也可行使探望權。探望權的實質是與孩子之間的溝通交流的權利，使孩子能在健康的環(huán)境下成長，不至于受父母婚姻情感關系之影響。此外，美國注重對于未成年人利益最大化的保護，探望權亦應以此為原則加以行使。
4. International legal sources
4.1.Primary Sources
4.1.1 Statutes / Treaties
【檢索路徑】Heinonline-Home > International Law > Foreign & International Law Resources Database > visitation right
【檢索結果】
Switzerland
Hague Convention on International Child Abduction: An Analysis of the Applicable Law and Institutional Framework of Fifty-One Jurisdictions and the European Union, Vol.1, pp. 329-338.
Palmer, Edith
1 Hague Convention on International Child Abduction: An Analysis of the Applicable Law and Institutional Framework of Fifty-One Jurisdictions and the European Union 329 （2004）
Right of Visit
Digest of International Law, Vol. 4, pp. 667-677
No nation can exercise a right of and visitation and search upon the common and… all nations have an equal right to the uninterrupted use of the high seas for their navigation. Lord… any of its subjects, has a right to assume or exercise authority Visit over the subjects of… all interference on the high seas by the ships of any other than her own State. The right of visit and… search is a war right; it can only be exercised in time of peace by virtue of an express stipulation in… these exceptions is the right conferred by inter- national maritime usage on the warships of all nations
Denmark
Hague Convention on International Child Abduction: An Analysis of the Applicable Law and Institutional Framework of Fifty-One Jurisdictions and the European Union, Vol. 1, pp. 129-132
Nozari, Fariborz
1 Hague Convention on International Child Abduction: An Analysis of the Applicable Law and Institutional Framework of Fifty-One Jurisdictions and the European Union 129 （2004）
Saint Kitts and Nevis [notes]
Hague Convention on International Child Abduction: An Analysis of the Applicable Law and Institutional Framework of Fifty-One Jurisdictions and the European Union, Vol. 1, pp. 297-300
Clarke, Stephen F.
1 Hague Convention on International Child Abduction: An Analysis of the Applicable Law and Institutional Framework of Fifty-One Jurisdictions and the European Union 297 （2004）
4.1.2 Cases
【檢索路徑】Heinonline-Home > International Law > Foreign & International Law Resources Database > Canada Supreme Court Reports > visitation right custody > cases
【檢索結果】
1950 S.C.R. 700 （1950）
Canada Law Reports
Evelyn McKee and Mark T. McKee[Case]
appellant with the right of reasonable visitation allowed to the respondent. It appears that the infant was…‘s complaint and granting the respondent a divorce on his cross-complaint. This judgment awarded the custody of… custody had been pronounced, asking for a modification of the terms of that order as to custody.
1996 2 S.C.R. 108 （1996）
Canada Supreme Court Reports
D.S. v. V.W. and J.S. and Rodrigue Blais [Case]
custody of the child to her ex part, “pending any further hearings on the issue of custody and visitation… granted to mother by American court - Father filing motion for child custody in Quebec - Mother countering… custody of child under Quebec civil law and to order child's return to United States - Civil Code of Lower… and a Maryland court granted custody of the child to the father and supervised access to the mother… Court for custody of the child and the mother countered by filing a motion in which she applied for the…
1993 4 S.C.R. 141 （1993）
Canada Supreme Court Reports
D.P. v. C.S. and the Attorney General for Ontario, the Attorney General of Quebec, the Attorney General of Manitoba, the Attorney General of British Columbia, and the Seventh-Day Adventist Church in Canada [Case]
- text of the rights raised in this appeal must be examined. V - Analysis A. Right to Custody and Access… custody, it is worth examining, however briefly, the right to access in the wider context of the right to… respondent should retain custody of C. 1. The Right to Custody As in Young, supra, a brief review of the… mention of the right to custody, whether under the heading of marriage, filiation or paternal authority…， the right to custody of fathers and mothers seemed to be self-evident and to present little difficulty… Although what is at issue is the right to access, which is but one of the components of the right to…
4.2.Secondary Sources
4.2.1. Books:Scholarly and practicing materials
【檢索路徑】浙江大學圖書館 > das Besuchsrecht / 見舞う権 / Droit de visite
【檢索結果】
無相關書籍。
4.2.2. Law review articles
【檢索路徑】Heinonline-Home > International Law > International&Non-U.S. Journals
【檢索結果】
Reflections on the Abolition of Exequatur in the Family Law Cases regarding the Exercise of the Right of Visitation
Acta Universitatis Danubius Juridica, Vol. 2015, Issue 1 （2015）， pp. 31-37
Abstract : The Council Regulation No 2201/2003 of 27 November 2003 concerning jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters and the matters of parental responsibility, repealing Regulation no.1347/2000 includes, along with uniform rules settling conflicts of jurisdiction between Member States, also a number of rules to ensure the free movement within the EU area of judgments, of authentic instruments and agreements, establishing provisions on their recognition and enforcement in another member states.
Conditioning Child Support Payments on Visitation Access: A Proposal
Kitch, Alison,International Journal of Law and the Family, Vol. 5, Issue 3 （1991）， pp. 318-350
Abstract : Conditioning child support payments on visitation access provides some recourse for a noncustodial parent whose former spouse unfairly denies visitation with the children of the dissolved marriage. This form of conditioning, imposed by judges and sought by parents frustrated in their attempts to see their children, has been criticized as economically and psychologically harmful to the children involved, potentially burdensome to state welfare budgets, biased against women and inconsistent and ineffective in its implementation. Those concerns are discussed in the light of the value of maintaining contact between children and their noncustodial parents and the history of the American case law and statutes on conditioning. Conditioning has never been used as a predictable element in a comprehensive program to enforce court-ordered visitation by the noncustodial parent. Such a plan is proposed as an appropriate tool which should be available to courts hearing post-decree child support and visitation disputes.
?sterreichische Kinderrechte im Bezug auf die Scheidung
Kerstin Brunner Lawyer 2005-80 Hrcak
Visitation at County Jails: Potential Policy Implications
Sturges, Judith E. Criminal Justice Policy Review, Vol. 13, Issue 1 （March 2002）， pp. 32-45
The Position of Children after Visitation Reform: Better or Still Lacking [article]
Kraljic, Suzana, International Survey of Family Law, Vol. 2008, pp. 379-394
4.2.3. Websites
【檢索路徑】International Law Commission > full-text search > ”visitation right“
【檢索結果】
No files matched the search request ”visitation right“.
4.2.4. NGO
【檢索路徑】Oxford Reports on International Law > ”visitation right“ > human right
【檢索結果】
Balaguer Santacana v. Spain
Merits, UN Doc CCPR/C/51/D/417/1990, Communication No 417/1990, （1994）2 IHRR 71, IHRL 2266 （UNHRC 1994）， 15th July 1994, Human Rights Committee
Date: 15 July 1994
Content type: International court decisions
Product: Oxford Reports on International Law [ORIL]
Module: International Human Rights Law [IHRL]
Jurisdiction: United Nations Human Rights Committee [UNHRC]
Subject（s）： Right to family - Children, rights - Exhaustion of local remedies
Hendriks v. Netherlands
Merits, Communication No. 201/1985, UN Doc CCPR/C/33/D/201/1985, IHRL 2480 （UNHRC 1988）， 27th July 1988, Human Rights Committee
Date: 27 July 1988
Content: type International court decisions
Product: Oxford Reports on International Law [ORIL]
Module: International Human Rights Law [IHRL]
Jurisdiction: United Nations Human Rights Committee [UNHRC]
Subject（s）： Right to family - Exhaustion of local remedies
5.Conclusion
Visitation is a right that can be enjoyed by the noncustodial parent or a noncustodial party such as a grandparent. In general, the right to visit is based upon the belief that it is beneficial for the child to maintain some continuing social,emotional, and educational ties with the noncustodial parent. Visitation rights are therefore usually favored under the law. Only under extreme circumstances will visitation be curtailed or denied. The standard is that the objective best interests of the child is satisfied.
,' Rights Groups and Shared Parenting Organizations
Oct 30, 2016 - The American Coalition for Fathers and Children （ACFC） is a non-profit organization in support of shared parenting. … in fact, their tagline is “The Best Parent is Both Parents?.” In pursuit of social and legal justice, The Children's Rights Council serves to: Protect the best interests of children in custody case.
Fathers for Equal Rights - Home <https://fathers4kids.com/>
https://fathers4kids.com/
FER is a non-profit, educational, civil rights organization that is recognized as a … Relocation, Child Custody Evaluations （social study Prep）， General Trial …
3.3.Conclusion
在美國，由于離婚案件頻發(fā)，尤為重視探望的行使。探望權的行使主體，不僅包含父母，外祖父母也可行使探望權。探望權的實質是與孩子之間的溝通交流的權利，使孩子能在健康的環(huán)境下成長，不至于受父母婚姻情感關系之影響。此外，美國注重對于未成年人利益最大化的保護，探望權亦應以此為原則加以行使。
4. International legal sources
4.1.Primary Sources
4.1.1 Statutes / Treaties
【檢索路徑】Heinonline-Home > International Law > Foreign & International Law Resources Database > visitation right
【檢索結果】
Switzerland
Hague Convention on International Child Abduction: An Analysis of the Applicable Law and Institutional Framework of Fifty-One Jurisdictions and the European Union, Vol.1, pp. 329-338.
Palmer, Edith
1 Hague Convention on International Child Abduction: An Analysis of the Applicable Law and Institutional Framework of Fifty-One Jurisdictions and the European Union 329 （2004）
Right of Visit
Digest of International Law, Vol. 4, pp. 667-677
No nation can exercise a right of and visitation and search upon the common and… all nations have an equal right to the uninterrupted use of the high seas for their navigation. Lord… any of its subjects, has a right to assume or exercise authority Visit over the subjects of… all interference on the high seas by the ships of any other than her own State. The right of visit and… search is a war right; it can only be exercised in time of peace by virtue of an express stipulation in… these exceptions is the right conferred by inter- national maritime usage on the warships of all nations
Denmark
Hague Convention on International Child Abduction: An Analysis of the Applicable Law and Institutional Framework of Fifty-One Jurisdictions and the European Union, Vol. 1, pp. 129-132
Nozari, Fariborz
1 Hague Convention on International Child Abduction: An Analysis of the Applicable Law and Institutional Framework of Fifty-One Jurisdictions and the European Union 129 （2004）
Saint Kitts and Nevis [notes]
Hague Convention on International Child Abduction: An Analysis of the Applicable Law and Institutional Framework of Fifty-One Jurisdictions and the European Union, Vol. 1, pp. 297-300
Clarke, Stephen F.
1 Hague Convention on International Child Abduction: An Analysis of the Applicable Law and Institutional Framework of Fifty-One Jurisdictions and the European Union 297 （2004）
4.1.2 Cases
【檢索路徑】Heinonline-Home > International Law > Foreign & International Law Resources Database > Canada Supreme Court Reports > visitation right custody > cases
【檢索結果】
1950 S.C.R. 700 （1950）
Canada Law Reports
Evelyn McKee and Mark T. McKee[Case]
appellant with the right of reasonable visitation allowed to the respondent. It appears that the infant was…‘s complaint and granting the respondent a divorce on his cross-complaint. This judgment awarded the custody of… custody had been pronounced, asking for a modification of the terms of that order as to custody.
1996 2 S.C.R. 108 （1996）
Canada Supreme Court Reports
D.S. v. V.W. and J.S. and Rodrigue Blais [Case]
custody of the child to her ex part, “pending any further hearings on the issue of custody and visitation… granted to mother by American court - Father filing motion for child custody in Quebec - Mother countering… custody of child under Quebec civil law and to order child's return to United States - Civil Code of Lower… and a Maryland court granted custody of the child to the father and supervised access to the mother… Court for custody of the child and the mother countered by filing a motion in which she applied for the…
1993 4 S.C.R. 141 （1993）
Canada Supreme Court Reports
D.P. v. C.S. and the Attorney General for Ontario, the Attorney General of Quebec, the Attorney General of Manitoba, the Attorney General of British Columbia, and the Seventh-Day Adventist Church in Canada [Case]
- text of the rights raised in this appeal must be examined. V - Analysis A. Right to Custody and Access… custody, it is worth examining, however briefly, the right to access in the wider context of the right to… respondent should retain custody of C. 1. The Right to Custody As in Young, supra, a brief review of the… mention of the right to custody, whether under the heading of marriage, filiation or paternal authority…， the right to custody of fathers and mothers seemed to be self-evident and to present little difficulty… Although what is at issue is the right to access, which is but one of the components of the right to…
4.2.Secondary Sources
4.2.1. Books:Scholarly and practicing materials
【檢索路徑】浙江大學圖書館 > das Besuchsrecht / 見舞う権 / Droit de visite
【檢索結果】
無相關書籍。
4.2.2. Law review articles
【檢索路徑】Heinonline-Home > International Law > International&Non-U.S. Journals
【檢索結果】
Reflections on the Abolition of Exequatur in the Family Law Cases regarding the Exercise of the Right of Visitation
Acta Universitatis Danubius Juridica, Vol. 2015, Issue 1 （2015）， pp. 31-37
Abstract : The Council Regulation No 2201/2003 of 27 November 2003 concerning jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters and the matters of parental responsibility, repealing Regulation no.1347/2000 includes, along with uniform rules settling conflicts of jurisdiction between Member States, also a number of rules to ensure the free movement within the EU area of judgments, of authentic instruments and agreements, establishing provisions on their recognition and enforcement in another member states.
Conditioning Child Support Payments on Visitation Access: A Proposal
Kitch, Alison,International Journal of Law and the Family, Vol. 5, Issue 3 （1991）， pp. 318-350
Abstract : Conditioning child support payments on visitation access provides some recourse for a noncustodial parent whose former spouse unfairly denies visitation with the children of the dissolved marriage. This form of conditioning, imposed by judges and sought by parents frustrated in their attempts to see their children, has been criticized as economically and psychologically harmful to the children involved, potentially burdensome to state welfare budgets, biased against women and inconsistent and ineffective in its implementation. Those concerns are discussed in the light of the value of maintaining contact between children and their noncustodial parents and the history of the American case law and statutes on conditioning. Conditioning has never been used as a predictable element in a comprehensive program to enforce court-ordered visitation by the noncustodial parent. Such a plan is proposed as an appropriate tool which should be available to courts hearing post-decree child support and visitation disputes.
?sterreichische Kinderrechte im Bezug auf die Scheidung
Kerstin Brunner Lawyer 2005-80 Hrcak
Visitation at County Jails: Potential Policy Implications
Sturges, Judith E. Criminal Justice Policy Review, Vol. 13, Issue 1 （March 2002）， pp. 32-45
The Position of Children after Visitation Reform: Better or Still Lacking [article]
Kraljic, Suzana, International Survey of Family Law, Vol. 2008, pp. 379-394
4.2.3. Websites
【檢索路徑】International Law Commission > full-text search > ”visitation right“
【檢索結果】
No files matched the search request ”visitation right“.
4.2.4. NGO
【檢索路徑】Oxford Reports on International Law > ”visitation right“ > human right
【檢索結果】
Balaguer Santacana v. Spain
Merits, UN Doc CCPR/C/51/D/417/1990, Communication No 417/1990, （1994）2 IHRR 71, IHRL 2266 （UNHRC 1994）， 15th July 1994, Human Rights Committee
Date: 15 July 1994
Content type: International court decisions
Product: Oxford Reports on International Law [ORIL]
Module: International Human Rights Law [IHRL]
Jurisdiction: United Nations Human Rights Committee [UNHRC]
Subject（s）： Right to family - Children, rights - Exhaustion of local remedies
Hendriks v. Netherlands
Merits, Communication No. 201/1985, UN Doc CCPR/C/33/D/201/1985, IHRL 2480 （UNHRC 1988）， 27th July 1988, Human Rights Committee
Date: 27 July 1988
Content: type International court decisions
Product: Oxford Reports on International Law [ORIL]
Module: International Human Rights Law [IHRL]
Jurisdiction: United Nations Human Rights Committee [UNHRC]
Subject（s）： Right to family - Exhaustion of local remedies
5.Conclusion
Visitation is a right that can be enjoyed by the noncustodial parent or a noncustodial party such as a grandparent. In general, the right to visit is based upon the belief that it is beneficial for the child to maintain some continuing social,emotional, and educational ties with the noncustodial parent. Visitation rights are therefore usually favored under the law. Only under extreme circumstances will visitation be curtailed or denied. The standard is that the objective best interests of the child is satisfied.
,' Rights Groups and Shared Parenting Organizations
Oct 30, 2016 - The American Coalition for Fathers and Children （ACFC） is a non-profit organization in support of shared parenting. … in fact, their tagline is “The Best Parent is Both Parents?.” In pursuit of social and legal justice, The Children's Rights Council serves to: Protect the best interests of children in custody case.
Fathers for Equal Rights - Home <https://fathers4kids.com/>
https://fathers4kids.com/
FER is a non-profit, educational, civil rights organization that is recognized as a … Relocation, Child Custody Evaluations （social study Prep）， General Trial …
3.3.Conclusion
在美國，由于離婚案件頻發(fā)，尤為重視探望的行使。探望權的行使主體，不僅包含父母，外祖父母也可行使探望權。探望權的實質是與孩子之間的溝通交流的權利，使孩子能在健康的環(huán)境下成長，不至于受父母婚姻情感關系之影響。此外，美國注重對于未成年人利益最大化的保護，探望權亦應以此為原則加以行使。
4. International legal sources
4.1.Primary Sources
4.1.1 Statutes / Treaties
【檢索路徑】Heinonline-Home > International Law > Foreign & International Law Resources Database > visitation right
【檢索結果】
Switzerland
Hague Convention on International Child Abduction: An Analysis of the Applicable Law and Institutional Framework of Fifty-One Jurisdictions and the European Union, Vol.1, pp. 329-338.
Palmer, Edith
1 Hague Convention on International Child Abduction: An Analysis of the Applicable Law and Institutional Framework of Fifty-One Jurisdictions and the European Union 329 （2004）
Right of Visit
Digest of International Law, Vol. 4, pp. 667-677
No nation can exercise a right of and visitation and search upon the common and… all nations have an equal right to the uninterrupted use of the high seas for their navigation. Lord… any of its subjects, has a right to assume or exercise authority Visit over the subjects of… all interference on the high seas by the ships of any other than her own State. The right of visit and… search is a war right; it can only be exercised in time of peace by virtue of an express stipulation in… these exceptions is the right conferred by inter- national maritime usage on the warships of all nations
Denmark
Hague Convention on International Child Abduction: An Analysis of the Applicable Law and Institutional Framework of Fifty-One Jurisdictions and the European Union, Vol. 1, pp. 129-132
Nozari, Fariborz
1 Hague Convention on International Child Abduction: An Analysis of the Applicable Law and Institutional Framework of Fifty-One Jurisdictions and the European Union 129 （2004）
Saint Kitts and Nevis [notes]
Hague Convention on International Child Abduction: An Analysis of the Applicable Law and Institutional Framework of Fifty-One Jurisdictions and the European Union, Vol. 1, pp. 297-300
Clarke, Stephen F.
1 Hague Convention on International Child Abduction: An Analysis of the Applicable Law and Institutional Framework of Fifty-One Jurisdictions and the European Union 297 （2004）
4.1.2 Cases
【檢索路徑】Heinonline-Home > International Law > Foreign & International Law Resources Database > Canada Supreme Court Reports > visitation right custody > cases
【檢索結果】
1950 S.C.R. 700 （1950）
Canada Law Reports
Evelyn McKee and Mark T. McKee[Case]
appellant with the right of reasonable visitation allowed to the respondent. It appears that the infant was…‘s complaint and granting the respondent a divorce on his cross-complaint. This judgment awarded the custody of… custody had been pronounced, asking for a modification of the terms of that order as to custody.
1996 2 S.C.R. 108 （1996）
Canada Supreme Court Reports
D.S. v. V.W. and J.S. and Rodrigue Blais [Case]
custody of the child to her ex part, “pending any further hearings on the issue of custody and visitation… granted to mother by American court - Father filing motion for child custody in Quebec - Mother countering… custody of child under Quebec civil law and to order child's return to United States - Civil Code of Lower… and a Maryland court granted custody of the child to the father and supervised access to the mother… Court for custody of the child and the mother countered by filing a motion in which she applied for the…
1993 4 S.C.R. 141 （1993）
Canada Supreme Court Reports
D.P. v. C.S. and the Attorney General for Ontario, the Attorney General of Quebec, the Attorney General of Manitoba, the Attorney General of British Columbia, and the Seventh-Day Adventist Church in Canada [Case]
- text of the rights raised in this appeal must be examined. V - Analysis A. Right to Custody and Access… custody, it is worth examining, however briefly, the right to access in the wider context of the right to… respondent should retain custody of C. 1. The Right to Custody As in Young, supra, a brief review of the… mention of the right to custody, whether under the heading of marriage, filiation or paternal authority…， the right to custody of fathers and mothers seemed to be self-evident and to present little difficulty… Although what is at issue is the right to access, which is but one of the components of the right to…
4.2.Secondary Sources
4.2.1. Books:Scholarly and practicing materials
【檢索路徑】浙江大學圖書館 > das Besuchsrecht / 見舞う権 / Droit de visite
【檢索結果】
無相關書籍。
4.2.2. Law review articles
【檢索路徑】Heinonline-Home > International Law > International&Non-U.S. Journals
【檢索結果】
Reflections on the Abolition of Exequatur in the Family Law Cases regarding the Exercise of the Right of Visitation
Acta Universitatis Danubius Juridica, Vol. 2015, Issue 1 （2015）， pp. 31-37
Abstract : The Council Regulation No 2201/2003 of 27 November 2003 concerning jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters and the matters of parental responsibility, repealing Regulation no.1347/2000 includes, along with uniform rules settling conflicts of jurisdiction between Member States, also a number of rules to ensure the free movement within the EU area of judgments, of authentic instruments and agreements, establishing provisions on their recognition and enforcement in another member states.
Conditioning Child Support Payments on Visitation Access: A Proposal
Kitch, Alison,International Journal of Law and the Family, Vol. 5, Issue 3 （1991）， pp. 318-350
Abstract : Conditioning child support payments on visitation access provides some recourse for a noncustodial parent whose former spouse unfairly denies visitation with the children of the dissolved marriage. This form of conditioning, imposed by judges and sought by parents frustrated in their attempts to see their children, has been criticized as economically and psychologically harmful to the children involved, potentially burdensome to state welfare budgets, biased against women and inconsistent and ineffective in its implementation. Those concerns are discussed in the light of the value of maintaining contact between children and their noncustodial parents and the history of the American case law and statutes on conditioning. Conditioning has never been used as a predictable element in a comprehensive program to enforce court-ordered visitation by the noncustodial parent. Such a plan is proposed as an appropriate tool which should be available to courts hearing post-decree child support and visitation disputes.
?sterreichische Kinderrechte im Bezug auf die Scheidung
Kerstin Brunner Lawyer 2005-80 Hrcak
Visitation at County Jails: Potential Policy Implications
Sturges, Judith E. Criminal Justice Policy Review, Vol. 13, Issue 1 （March 2002）， pp. 32-45
The Position of Children after Visitation Reform: Better or Still Lacking [article]
Kraljic, Suzana, International Survey of Family Law, Vol. 2008, pp. 379-394
4.2.3. Websites
【檢索路徑】International Law Commission > full-text search > ”visitation right“
【檢索結果】
No files matched the search request ”visitation right“.
4.2.4. NGO
【檢索路徑】Oxford Reports on International Law > ”visitation right“ > human right
【檢索結果】
Balaguer Santacana v. Spain
Merits, UN Doc CCPR/C/51/D/417/1990, Communication No 417/1990, （1994）2 IHRR 71, IHRL 2266 （UNHRC 1994）， 15th July 1994, Human Rights Committee
Date: 15 July 1994
Content type: International court decisions
Product: Oxford Reports on International Law [ORIL]
Module: International Human Rights Law [IHRL]
Jurisdiction: United Nations Human Rights Committee [UNHRC]
Subject（s）： Right to family - Children, rights - Exhaustion of local remedies
Hendriks v. Netherlands
Merits, Communication No. 201/1985, UN Doc CCPR/C/33/D/201/1985, IHRL 2480 （UNHRC 1988）， 27th July 1988, Human Rights Committee
Date: 27 July 1988
Content: type International court decisions
Product: Oxford Reports on International Law [ORIL]
Module: International Human Rights Law [IHRL]
Jurisdiction: United Nations Human Rights Committee [UNHRC]
Subject（s）： Right to family - Exhaustion of local remedies
5.Conclusion
Visitation is a right that can be enjoyed by the noncustodial parent or a noncustodial party such as a grandparent. In general, the right to visit is based upon the belief that it is beneficial for the child to maintain some continuing social,emotional, and educational ties with the noncustodial parent. Visitation rights are therefore usually favored under the law. Only under extreme circumstances will visitation be curtailed or denied. The standard is that the objective best interests of the child is satisfied.